Lithium
Lithium is the simplest alkali metal, the lightest solid element, and the third lightest chemical element (symbol Li) with an atomic number of 3. Trace amounts of lithium are present in the oceans and within various organisms. Lithium ion Li+ when ingested has a neurological effect, making some lithium salts useful as a class of mood stabilizing drugs.
| General | |||||||||||||||
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| Name, symbol, number | lithium, Li, 3 | ||||||||||||||
| Chemical series | alkali metals | ||||||||||||||
| Group, period, block | 1, 2, s | ||||||||||||||
| Appearance | silvery white/grey |
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| Standard atomic weight | 6.941(2)g·mol-1 | ||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | 1s2 2s2 | ||||||||||||||
| Electrons per shell | 2, 1 | ||||||||||||||
| Physical properties | |||||||||||||||
| Phase | solid | ||||||||||||||
| Density (near r.t.) | 0.534 g·cm-3 | ||||||||||||||
| Liquid density at m.p. | 0.512 g·cm-3 | ||||||||||||||
| Melting point | 453.69 K (180.54 °C, 356.97 °F) |
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| Boiling point | 1615 K (1342 °C, 2448 °F) |
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| Critical point | (extrapolated) 3223 K, 67 MPa |
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| Heat of fusion | 3.00 kJ·mol-1 | ||||||||||||||
| Heat of vaporization | 147.1 kJ·mol-1 | ||||||||||||||
| Heat capacity | (25 °C) 24.860 J·mol-1·K-1 | ||||||||||||||
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| Atomic properties | |||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | body centered cubic | ||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states | 1 (strongly basic oxide) |
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| Electronegativity | 0.98 (Pauling scale) | ||||||||||||||
| Ionization energies | 1st: 520.2 kJ·mol-1 | ||||||||||||||
| 2nd: 7298.1 kJ·mol-1 | |||||||||||||||
| 3rd: 11815.0 kJ·mol-1 | |||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius | 145 pm | ||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius (calc.) | 167 pm | ||||||||||||||
| Covalent radius | 134 pm | ||||||||||||||
| Van der Waals radius | 182 pm | ||||||||||||||
| Miscellaneous | |||||||||||||||
| Magnetic ordering | paramagnetic | ||||||||||||||
| Electrical resistivity | (20 °C) 92.8 nΩ·m | ||||||||||||||
| Thermal conductivity | (300 K) 84.8 W·m-1·K-1 | ||||||||||||||
| Thermal expansion | (25 °C) 46 µm·m-1·K-1 | ||||||||||||||
| Speed of sound (thin rod) | (20 °C) 6000 m/s | ||||||||||||||
| Young's modulus | 4.9 GPa | ||||||||||||||
| Shear modulus | 4.2 GPa | ||||||||||||||
| Bulk modulus | 11 GPa | ||||||||||||||
| Mohs hardness | 0.6 | ||||||||||||||
| CAS registry number | 7439-93-2 | ||||||||||||||
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